Development and validation of the Sc-CTM module: Integrating unplugged and plugged-in computational thinking in science education
Noraini Lapawi 1 2 , Kamisah Osman 1 2 3 * , Hazrati Husnin 1 2
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1 National University of Malaysia (UKM), MALAYSIA2 Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, MALAYSIA3 Department of Science Education, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jalan Semarang No. 5, Malang, East Java, Indonesia, INDONESIA* Corresponding Author

Abstract

Computational thinking (CT) is increasingly recognised as a cross-disciplinary problem-solving competency that can strengthen students’ reasoning in science learning. This paper reports the development and validation of the Science–Computational Thinking Module (Sc-CTM), which integrates unplugged scaffolding and plugged-in block-based modelling to embed CT practices within Form One Science. The developmental procedure was guided by the ADDIE model and organised into two main phases: Phase I focused on analysis, design, development, and implementation of the module, while Phase II involved evaluation and validation. A needs analysis informed topic selection, indicating Matter as the most challenging learning domain based on students’ perceptions (M = 3.40, SD = 0.70) and teachers’ perceptions (M = 3.64, SD = 0.50). Content validity was assessed using a structured questionnaire distributed to 11 experts in Science and CT/Computer Science. Results showed that all items exceeded a mean score of 4.00, with an overall mean of 4.33, indicating high content validity and clarity. Overall, the findings support Sc-CTM as a systematically designed and validated instructional option for integrating CT meaningfully in science learning.

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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Article Type: Research Article

PEDAGOGICAL RES, Volume 11, Issue 4, October 2026, Article No: em0287

https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/18775

Publication date: 01 Oct 2026

Online publication date: 14 Sep 2026

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Article Downloads: 3

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