Abstract
Transforming an infinite process into a mathematical object is a core cognitive challenge in calculus learning, yet many classrooms lack access to specialized dynamic visualization software. This study explores whether intentionally designed animations in Microsoft PowerPoint, a widely available tool with basic animation capabilities, can scaffold this cognitive leap within the Vietnamese context. Using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, 60 eleventh-grade students were assigned to either an experimental group learning with theory‑guided PowerPoint Dynamic Multiple Representations (DMRs) or a control group receiving traditional instruction over a two‑week unit on infinite geometric series. The experimental group demonstrated significantly higher conceptual gains (d = 2.25, a large effect comparable to intensive intervention studies in mathematics education) and lower cognitive load (d = 1.52). Qualitative analysis revealed that the animations triggered cognitive mechanisms of completion and totality construction, enabling students to view infinite sums as manipulable objects rather than unending processes. This study introduces a “high‑design, low‑barrier” model that promotes educational equity by enabling sophisticated mathematics instruction without specialized software. This paper offers practical design principles that teachers can implement immediately using existing classroom technology.
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article Type: Research Article
PEDAGOGICAL RES, Volume 11, Issue 4, October 2026, Article No: em0293
https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/19625
Publication date: 16 Oct 2026
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